Nickel is one of the most common metals used by humans. It is commonly used in plating other kinds of metals and in producing numerous alloys such as nickel-titanium. Apparently, nickel is a common cause of contact dermatitis, particularly in the field of orthodontics, whereas nickel-free titanium is considered hypoallergenic.
History
In their article "Nickel Allergy and Orthodontics," published in the Journal of Orthopedics, Gerry Rahilly of Leeds Dental Institute and N. Price of Mayday Hospital note that the first case of allergic reaction to nickel was among workers in the nickel plating industry, which was reported at the end of the 19th century. In 1925, allergic response to nickel and nickel-containing alloys such as nickel-titanium was finally considered a medical condition.
Nickel and Titanium
According to Rahilly and Price, nickel-titanium alloys may have more than 50 percent nickel content, which is potentially enough to elicit signs of allergic reactions. However, the use of nickel-free titanium is a good measure in preventing nickel allergy.
Allergic Reaction
Rahilly and Price state that nickel acts as an antigen that causes type IV hypersensitivity or delayed allergic reaction. On exposure to nickel, primary immune response is induced wherein the body begins to produce antibodies against nickel, leaving no signs of allergy. However, re-exposure to nickel leads to more visible reactions.
Symptoms
According to the Astma-Og Allergiforbundet website, nickel allergy is a form of contact allergy that elicits eczema. Signs of contact eczema include red skin and swelling, sometimes with small or large blisters and oozing sores, severe itching, dryness and cracks.
Diagnosis
In addition to the thorough evaluation of the patient's medical history, a dermatologist may perform patch tests using 5 percent nickel sulphate in petroleum jelly to confirm nickel allergy.
Treatment
Apply a soothing moisturizing cream minutes before applying a doctor's prescribed layer of cortisone preparation. Avoid using items with parts made of nickel, nickel-titanium or any other nickel alloy. Nickel allergy treatment will be ineffective if contact with nickel is unavoidable. Consider using gold plate or titanium instead of nickel or nickel alloy.
